肺气肿
Overview
When you breathe, air travels to your lungs through airways called bronchi. 支气管分成更小的气道, 称为细支气管, 它们的末端是一簇簇的小气囊, 被称为肺泡. 肺气肿, 是美国第四大死因, affects the walls of the millions of tiny air sacs in the lungs, 它们会发炎，失去弹性, 导致细支气管塌陷. 结果是, 空气被困在气囊里, 拉伸过度，可能会破裂, 严重影响人正常呼吸的.
导致肺气肿的主要原因是吸烟. 其他风险因素包括空气污染, 职业性接触粉尘和化学品, 频繁的下呼吸道感染和二手烟. In rare cases, the genetic disorder alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency causes emphysema.
肺气肿 is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a group of lung conditions that cause permanent blockage of airflow in the lungs.
我们治疗肺气肿的方法
UCSF offers comprehensive evaluations and care for all types of COPD. 治疗肺气肿时, 我们的目标是缓解症状, 减缓疾病进展，预防并发症.
治疗方案包括药物治疗, 补充氧气和, AAT缺乏症患者, AAT注入. 我们也提供肺部康复治疗, a multifaceted program that provides nutrition and exercise counseling, help in quitting smoking and education on how to stay as healthy as possible. Some patients may benefit from surgery to remove small portions of damaged lung or from lung transplantation. 加州大学旧金山分校目前是全美顶尖的肺移植项目.S. for higher-than-expected patient survival rates and graft survival rates (ongoing function of the transplanted lungs).
除了照顾病人, we lead research to improve the understanding and treatment of COPD. Interested patients may have the option to try experimental treatments by participating in a clinical trial.
迹象 & 症状
A person with emphysema will have shortness of breath — during physical activity and, 当病情更严重时, 在休息的时候. 病人 may eventually need 补充氧气和 may have to rely on mechanical respiratory devices.
肺气肿的其他症状包括:
- 慢性咳嗽
- 频繁的呼吸道感染
- 减少食欲
- 减肥
- 乏力。
诊断。
在诊断肺气肿时, your doctor will start by conducting a thorough medical examination, recording your medical history and asking about any 症状 you are experiencing.
The following 测试s may then be conducted to make a definite diagnosis:
- 肺功能检查(PFT). 这 测试 involves a series of breathing maneuvers that measure the airflow and volume of air in your lungs. 这 allows your doctor to objectively assess the function of your lungs.
- 高分辨率计算机断层扫描(HRCT). 这是一种特殊的 CT扫描 that provides your doctor with high-resolution images of your lungs. Having a HRCT is no different than having a regular CT扫描; they both are performed on an open-air table and take only a few minutes.
- 胸部x光片. 胸部x光检查 can help confirm a diagnosis of emphysema and rule out other lung conditions.
- 动脉血气分析. 这些 血液测试 measure how well your lungs transfer oxygen to your bloodstream and remove carbon dioxide.
- 痰液检查. Analysis of cells in your sputum can help determine the cause of some lung problems.
治疗
The goal of therapy for emphysema is to provide relief of 症状, prevent complications and slow the progression of the disease. Quitting smoking is also essential for patients with emphysema, since continuing to use tobacco will only further damage the lungs. 我们的 烟草教育中心 offers classes as well as individual consultations with doctors trained in treating tobacco addiction. We help smokers maximize the likelihood of success in their efforts to quit.
药物
支气管扩张剂治疗
喷雾吸入或口服, bronchodilator medications may help to relieve 症状 of emphysema by relaxing and opening the air passages in the lungs.
类固醇
作为气溶胶喷雾剂吸入, steroids can help relieve 症状 of emphysema associated with asthma and bronchitis. 随着时间的推移, 然而, 吸入类固醇会产生副作用, 比如骨骼变弱, 高血压, 糖尿病和白内障. It is important to discuss these side effects with your doctor before using steroids.
抗生素
抗生素 may be used to help fight respiratory infections common in people with emphysema, 比如急性支气管炎, 肺炎和流感.
疫苗
病人 with emphysema should receive a flu shot annually and pneumonia shot every five to seven years to prevent infections.
氧气疗法
随着病人病情的发展, they may find it increasingly difficult to breathe on their own and may require supplemental oxygen. Oxygen comes in various forms and may be delivered with different devices, 包括那些你可以在家里使用的.
手术或肺移植
肺移植 可能是一些肺气肿患者的一种选择. 为他人, 肺减容手术, 在此过程中，受损肺组织的小楔形被移除, 可能会被推荐.
蛋白质疗法
病人 with emphysema caused by an alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency may be given infusions of AAT to help slow the progression of lung damage.
肺康复
An important part of emphysema treatment is pulmonary rehabilitation, 包括教育, 营养咨询, 学习特殊的呼吸技巧, 帮助戒烟和开始锻炼养生. 因为患有肺气肿的人通常身体受限, 他们可能会避免任何形式的体育活动. However, regular physical activity can actually improve a patient's health and wellbeing.
加州大学旧金山分校健康 medical specialists have reviewed this information. It is for educational purposes only and is not intended to replace the advice of your doctor or other health care provider. We encourage you to discuss any questions or concerns you may have with your provider.
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病人的关系
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